Managing Employee Retention and Turnover Essay Example For Students

Overseeing Employee Retention and Turnover Essay Overseeing Employee Retention and TurnoverEmployee maintenance has consistently been a significant concentration for human asset chiefs. When an organization has put away time and cash to enlist and train a decent worker, it is in their own wellbeing to hold that representative, to additionally create and persuade him with the goal that he keeps on offering some incentive to the association. In any case, managers should likewise perceive and watch out for what is to the greatest advantage of their workers, in the event that they expect to keep them. At the point when an organization neglects the necessities of its representatives and concentrates just on the requirements of the association, turnover regularly results. Inordinate turnover in an association is a prime pointer that something isn't directly in the representative condition. We will take a gander at the contrasts among maintenance and turnover, why workers remain, reasons why they leave, and what should be possible to spar e them. We will likewise look at some outer components that will make representative maintenance and turnover decrease most elevated needs for human asset experts in the twenty-first century. Essentially, representative maintenance is estimated by a representatives life span with an organization, and is the ideal result of an organization recruiting laborers it needs and needs. Numerous associations think that its increasingly gainful and beneficial to divert assets once in the past allotted to enlisting, recruiting, arranging, and preparing of new representatives and use them rather toward worker maintenance programs. Such projects distinguish great entertainers who are probably going to leave the organization and work proactively to hold them. In spite of the fact that there is no reliable remedy for holding great representatives, there are five factors that have a demonstrated constructive effect on maintenance and they ought to be mulled over when building up a worker maintenance program:Supervisor/Employee relationship Immediate administrators who are likewise pioneers of individuals will be the most notable individuals in the work environment of things to come (Jamr og, 2004) Todays boss is required to be a mentor, a coach, and a guide. Preeminent, he should have the option to convey well here and there the association. Representatives who have fair, open associations with their managers feel a feeling of responsibility to them. Worker commitment The best representatives are roused by undertakings that are mentally animating and give assortment and challenge while contributing worth. Studies from the Gallup association show that representatives who have a better than expected disposition toward their work will create 38 percent higher consumer loyalty scores, 22 percent higher efficiency, and 27 percent higher benefits for their organizations. Preparing Employees need to expand their aptitudes, information, and capacities to stay attractive. It gives them a feeling of professional stability. In todays work environment, the all the more preparing representatives get, the almost certain the business will hold them. As per a 1999 Emerging Workforce Study directed by Interim Services and Louis Harris and Associates: Among representatives who state their organization offers poor preparing, 41 percent intend to leave inside a year, versus just 12 percent of the individuals who rate preparing open doors as astoundi ng. (Business Week, March 1, 1999)Recognition According to Roger Herman, CEO of The Herman Group, an administration counseling firm in Greensboro, N.C., you have to show your workers that you welcome them, that you esteem their opinionsand show them from multiple points of view. Care and worry for representatives on an individual level methods more to numerous workers than pay. Equalization Managements acknowledgment of the significance of individual and family life remains the top driver of representative dedication. Representatives who invest a moderate measure of energy every week taking care of individual issues while at work have a more elevated level of responsibility to their boss than the individuals who invest no time. (America @ Work 1999, Aon Consulting, Chicago, Illinois; 312.701.4844) Employers who give a work/life/family balance are increasingly effective in holding representatives. Customarily, officials have utilized remuneration methodologies to take care of maintenance issues, however in todays working environment significant compensation without anyone else isn't sufficient to keep representatives around. An ongoing study by The Society for Human Resource Management positioned educational cost repayment projects and excursion/occasion time as the best two maintenance activities being offered by businesses. Also, moment acknowledgment programs, for example, spot rewards, are being utilized to compensate greatness in execution as it happens. Such projects give representatives quick satisfaction for their endeavors instead of postponing it until yearly audits. Likewise, adaptable work hours and working from home projects that permit representatives to all the more likely offset their work responsibilities with their family obligations are getting progressively normal. As per Ceridian Employer Services (2004), 90 percent of organizations with in excess of 5,000 workers permit working from home. Furthermore, 52 percent of enormous organizations utilize virtual groups. Associations should ceaselessly scan for inventive approaches to hold their best representatives. Luckily, the expenses of these endeavors are low in contrast with the significant expenses of turnover. Turnover of representatives can be automatic or intentional. At the point when an organization relinquishes a worker who has been a terrible entertainer, has disregarded organization strategy, or violated a law it is normally viewed as automatic turnover. So are cutbacks. All the more regularly we discuss turnover with regards to being willful, or the impromptu loss willingly, yet that the organization would like to keep. This kind of turnover is unfortunate. Notwithstanding type, turnover costs are faltering. The quantitative expenses include: recruiting an impermanent to fill the position or paying additional time to a current representative, lost efficiency, misfortune on pr eparing dollars put resources into the worker who left, severance pay and advantages, just as, promoting, enrolling, employing, situating, and preparing expenses to fill the vacant position. Carl Kutsmode, Principal and author of the Tiburon Group, an Internet enrolling arrangements counseling firm mentions this objective fact, In numerous cases, diminishing your turnover rate can altogether decrease your complete staffing costs by as much as one half. The Journal of Business Strategy, 2003 evaluations turnover costs in the United States at $5 trillion every year. There are likewise immaterial expenses related with turnover, for example, a drop in worker confidence, poor help conveyance, and lost clients. In spite of the fact that hard to evaluate, they sway both efficiency and benefit. Since workers are slanted to state politically address explanations behind abdication, organizations regularly direct post employment surveys to acquire esteem input. Utilizing human asset faculty to direct the meeting sets up a sheltered zone for workers to straightforwardly share their considerations. To additionally support correspondence, questions ought to be open-finished, arranged ahead of time, and planned with a reason. Buhler (2004) suggests including the accompanying questions:What did you most appreciate about your activity? What did you least enjoy?What did you like about the administration style at the organization? What did you dislike?What would you have changed at the organization on the off chance that you had been given the opportunity?Is there anything that would have brought about your remaining with the company?What is your new position giving you uniquely in contrast to your position here?Exit meetings can be utilized to follow drifts in turnover that might be established in separation, inappropriate preparing, or lacking compensation or advantage programs. Managers can utilize this data to roll out proper improvements or make remedial move, if necessary. Post employment surveys should consistently keep up a positive note so representatives understand their input is welcome and acknowledged, thus their conclusion with the organization is a positive encounter. A few managers decide to hold up three to half year before leading post employment surveys. These are frequently done via mail, telephone, or on the web and may appear as an overview or be re-appropriated to an outsider. The conviction is that over the long haul, previous workers will in general be not so much reluctant but rather more target in their reactions. The outcomes from post employment surveys possibly demonstrate significant in the event that they are utilized gainfully inside the association. By inspecting the center reasons given for turnover, an organization can execute procedures to lessen it. These systems can frame the reason for the worker maintenance program. Christian Timbers, a main worldwide official inquiry firm, gives these best ten purposes behind why r epresentatives leave:Boredom or absence of challengeLimited open doors for development and headway (40% of resignations)Lack of appreciationLow desires and norms for the positionNoncompetitive remuneration packagesInferior or inadequate coworkerslack of administration or poor supervisionPervasive bureaucracyUnreasonable work hoursCommute or area of organization By consolidating turnover and maintenance data, an organization can perceive any reason why individuals leave and what should be possible about it. Every one of the ten purposes behind leaving recorded here could be decreased or killed with a proactive worker maintenance program, one that is focused on factors that representatives themselves have given as explanations behind remaining with their boss. Once more, these elements stress great administrative/representative connections, draw in representatives in their work, give preparing openings, perceive and acknowledge representatives, and offer adaptability and parity in wor k, life and family obligations. By profiling what makes a representative remain, organizations can build up proactive maintenance programs that diminish the quantity of turnovers. Hamlet as a Comment on Humanity Essay. ReferencesAARP. 2002, Staying Ahead of the Curve: The AARP Work and Career Study. Wahington, D.C.: AARPRetention rodeo. Buhler, Patricia M. The post employment survey: a goldmine of informationSource: Supervision v. 63 no4. (Apr. 2002) p. 15-17. Database: WilsonSelectPlus. Ceridian Employee Services, http://www.ceridian.com/mycer

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina Typhoon Katrina uncovered the stunning level of ineptness of the Federal Government, FEMA, different neighborhood and state authorities, and the inhabitants of New Orleans with regards to managing tropical storm power winds and gigantic flooding brought by the said storm. In the underlying days of the repercussions of Hurricane Katrina numerous inquiries were left unanswered.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why was there no viable and proficient clearing plan? Where were the Army and the National Guard? Where was FEMA? What's more, as the inquiries kept accumulating, it turned out to be certain that neighborhood and state authorities neglected to plan, and they belittled Katrina. Accordingly the nearby inhabitants paid the consequences for this oversight. Rundown The reason for the conversation on what turned out badly in the endeavor to contain, oversee, and manage the effect of Hurricane Katrina is Frontline’sdocumentary entitled The Storm. Frontline’s analytical writers drove by Martin Smith endeavored to test further into the crisis and debacle reaction disaster. They utilized video recordings taken by New Orleans occupants, beginner recordings taken by nearby authorities, news recordings and joined these with portions of video cuts taken from one-on-one meetings with specialists in the field of crisis fiasco readiness also neighborhood and state authorities as far as anyone knows accountable for the debacle. Toward the end Frontline reasoned that there was a disappointment of authority and the expense of ineptness was the critical loss of lives and harm to property worth billions of dollars. Exercises Learned In the principal section of Frontline’s narrative, Martin Smith met a crisis debacle readiness master and he said that for a long time preceding Hurricane Katrina there were no calamitous occas ion of that extent that hit terrain USA. He said that FEMA needed to examine occasions that happened in different nations so as to help in the groundwork for such an occasion. At the end of the day nobody comprehended what's in store and there was no desperation to make genuine arrangements in light of the fact that for a long time nothing has occurred. This was a main consideration that was ignored by the organizers who attempted to decrease the effect of Katrina. They were unconscious of the significant level of carelessness that exists inside the legislature with regards to crisis fiasco readiness. This disposition made a chain response of occasions that would prompt the most exceedingly awful normal fiasco in this nation’s history. This ought to never happen again. Since there was this mentality in regards to crisis calamity the board the Federal Government and even neighborhood and state authorities discovered little an incentive with a governmentally supported office, f or example, FEMA. Therefore past presidents would delegate the following FEMA boss not based on capabilities yet as an approach to restore a favor.Advertising Looking for exposition on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the situation of previous president George W. Hedge he designated his battle administrator to this post. From the hour of Reagan up to the hour of Bush all deputies had no foundation or any kind of mastery identified with crisis fiasco readiness. This ought to never happen again. Neighborhood and state authorities were likewise tainted with this lack of concern issue. In the early period of the narrative the officer of the National Guard †who called from Baton Rogue †reached a subordinate positioned at Jackson Barracks requesting a status report and in their discussion the warrior said to hold the line since he will investigate something and afterward he returned saying that he didn't have a clue why yet water is rising quick and in no time flat he said that the vehicles in the parking garage were at that point above water. This was a noteworthy meeting since it shows that nobody was readied. It was okay for a New Orleans occupant to be uninformed of what was happening around him yet the National Guard, the leaders and the fighters ought to have been given an update that there are demands keeping the city from being inundated in a gigantic flood however the second those tolls were undermined, New Orleans will be cleared away. They ought to have known yet nobody knew. So everybody was gotten unsuspecting. This ought to never happen again. The essential issue is disappointment in administration. There are in any event two perspectives in administration disappointment that contributed a lot to amplify the catastrophe in New Orleans. In the first place, nobody knew the character of the organizer, the individual in-control, the person who can get everyone excited and settle on choices that would be trailed by all. They knew there was FEMA, the nearby authorities, and the U.S. President however it appears that everybody was simply responding to the circumstance, what was required was a genuine pioneer driving the charge and nobody was there. The subsequent perspective is the absence of correspondence starting from the earliest stage to the most significant levels of government. As indicated by crisis fiasco the executives specialists, neighborhood authorities frequently revealed to them that â€Å"†¦figuring out whom they should work with in the national government was taking so much time that it hurt their capacity to spare lives and ensure property† (Blackstone, Bognanno, Hakim, 2005) something very similar can be said about the Katrina episode. There was an earnest requirement for interoperability however it was not accessible to the people on call. The significant outcome of disappointment in initiative †coordination, arrangi ng, dynamic, and correspondence †is ineptness. Also, the expense of being ill-equipped was faltering. It crushed the Gulf Coast, and overwhelmed New Orleans. In any case, the cost of disappointment was paid in the passings of 900 individuals (PBS, 2010). Envision a network brimming with a thousand inhabitants and envision a town overwhelmed and all the individuals gone, that was what occurred during and after Hurricane Katrina. At long last, one of the most significant exercises of this occasion was to keep in mind the effect of hierarchical administration. For this situation there are a great deal of inquiries and a ton of hypotheses concerning the way that FEMA was assimilated into the Department of Homeland Security.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to one critique, â€Å"it took FEMA almost 15 years and a few rearrangements to successfully facilitate and convey the full assets of the central government to help state and neighborhood governments in reacting to serious disasters† (Bullock Haddow, 2006). FEMA could have improved on the off chance that it stayed as a free government organization. Responses and Observations There were numerous variables that added to the bungle of the catastrophe. To start with, FEMA and the Federal Government were not prepared to manage a tropical storm and afterward monstrous flooding of that size. (Rodger, 2006) Second, everybody from the Federal Government down to the customary New Orleans inhabitant thought little of the intensity of the tempest, even in the recording appeared by Frontline one can see a few warriors giggling when Katrina effectively made landfall. Also, third, there was no interoperability between the Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, state and nearby government (Burns, 2007). At the end of the day it was not simply FEMA, or Washington, or H omeland Security or even the neighborhood authorities liable for New Orleans, everybody added to the issue and just a couple had the option to help understand it. It is essential to return to what was recently expressed in regards to the nonattendance of executioner storms and other common disasters that influenced different nations yet not the U.S. territory. This has made an incorrect conviction that all is well with the world and the absence of models or situations that administration authorities can use to demand for additionally financing or to prepare. However even with this specific issue there was still no reason since it was not so much the first occasion when that waterfront regions of America experienced such debacles. In the said video Frontline contacted quickly on the tempest that hit Miami, Florida and there was obliteration there and it ought to have been sufficient admonition for the legislature and the individuals to pay attention to the thereat of tropical storms and flooding. Another main consideration in expanding the quantity of dead individuals and the quantity of New Orleans occupants who experienced extraordinary yearning, tainted with malady, and injury was because of the underestimation of the effect of the tempest. This is on the grounds that FEMA and the Federal Government made fundamental arrangements with respect to future disasters and they even attempted to empty the inhabitants but then their admonitions were not paid attention to. In the event that the entire of New Orleans would have been cleared, at that point it was conceivable that the quantity of influenced individuals and the quantity of passings would have been much lesser.Advertising Searching for exposition on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The National Guards would have occupied assets to screen the tolls and water levels since New Orleans is arranged beneath ocean level. In the event that the Federal Government didn't disparage the quality of Hurricane Katrina, at that point the Coast Guard and the might of the U.S. military would have been requested on backup to help caught occupants in the repercussions of the tempest. Be that as it may, nobody was close to enough and fast enough to react adequately. As it is the absence of arrangement and the absence of authority when the tempest got everybody off guard the motivation behind why numerous occupants were caught with the city. They couldn't get out and was helpless when the electrical cables went down and when the floods came in to limit the

Im in Round 2! Can You Help Me Make the Top 10

Im in Round 2! Can You Help Me Make the Top 10 As I mentioned in my last entry, Change.org is running a competition thatll propel 10 ideas to the fore of the next administrations agenda. In Round 1, people came up with 7,783 ideas. Only 87 (about 1%) made it to Round 2, and the idea to Establish a Global Challenges Wikipedia to Empower Problem Solvers was among them! I owe that victory to you, and now Im counting on you to get this idea into the Top 10. Lets send a message, loud and clear, that we dont need to rely on dishonest voting tactics to win, as others in the competition have weve shown that we can win the old-fashioned way, and we can do so again. IDEA The proposed wiki would describe the following for every pressing global challenge such as climate change and weapons proliferation: [1] What successful and failed policies have been deployed to address it in the past; [2] What measures need to be taken to move forward; [3] Which international institutions, governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals are addressing the challenge in question, and how; [4] What networks exist between these players; and [5] What coordinated steps these players can take to collaborate effectively without replicating each others efforts, wasting precious resources, and, worst of all, undermining each other in the quest to gain recognition for their work. This proposal is doubtless ambitious, and its an idea that needs to be refined and tested. If its implemented correctly, though, it could serve as a powerful tool in the fight against every global challenge. VOTING TIME LINE Start: 8:00am EST on Monday, 1/5 End: 5:00pm EST on Thursday, 1/15. VOTING INSTRUCTIONS Register at https://www.change.org/admin/sign_up. Youll receive a confirmation e-mail with a link inside; click on that link to return to Change.org as a registered user. Click on the Ideas icon in the top right-hand corner of the page. Find the Social Entrepreneurship category. Click on Establish a Global Challenges Wikipedia to Empower Problem Solvers. Click on the Vote icon in the top left-hand corner and make sure that the vote count increases by one. YOU Vote as early as you can on 1/5. Get at least 20 of your friends and family members to vote. If you want to play an even more active role in this campaign, please e-mail me so that I can give you further details. We have two weeks to reach the next administration lets make something amazing happen!

Disagreements Between The North And South Over State s...

Disagreements between the North and South over State’s rights, interpretation of the constitution, and tariffs were more significant as to the cause of the Civil War than the opposing views on slavery. Even today there are still hard feelings between the north and south and democrats and republicans because of how things turned out during the Civil War. There are also still differences of opinion as to the true reason for this war. This being said, it could be easily assumed that slavery was the key issue. But as we all know, the emancipation proclamation was not signed until after the war began, which showed that freeing slaves wasn’t the priority. One of the key factor contributing to the Civil War was States Rights. This refers to the struggle between federal government and individual states over political power. One side argued for greater state’s rights and those arguing felt that the Federal Government needed to have more control over states. The states felt they should have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. Meaning that states had the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional. The federal government denied states this right. When nullification would not work and states felts that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession from the Union. The southern people were viewed as democratic and depended slaves for the plantations, they were devoted to agriculture and shipped cotton up north and favored low tariffs.Show MoreRelatedThe Between North And South1641 Words   |  7 PagesDuring 1790 and 1850, the United States was rapidly changing. The country was learni ng to live on its own, apart from England with its own economy, laws, and government. Not long after it declared independence that a rift between North and South began to start. The North believed in the Puritan Merchant role model, and the South in the role model of the English Country Squire. The difference in point of views soon caused the United States to start to split apart before eventually completely separatingRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1627 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a long-standing debate over the causes of the Civil War in which one popular view is that it was a war waged to end slavery, while the other view, usually more sympathetic to the South, is that the contention was over states rights (in the interest of self-determination instead of subservience to the federal government). This is an interesting disagreement, because it implies a disagreement regarding which of the two sides was actually fighting for freedom. Despite the implicit oppositionRead M oreThe American Civil War, Fought Between 1860 And 1865 Was1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War, fought between 1860 and 1865 was one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of warfare. At the end of the war, more than 600,000 soldiers were dead or wounded. The institution of slavery was ended and the United States was changed forever. Several causes have been suggested for the conflict, including the disagreement over the institution of slavery, economic differences between the north and south and a difference in how the Constitution was to be interpreted. SlaveryRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States1719 Words   |  7 Pagesin America s history. The Civil War was determined on what kind of nation it will advance toward, but the American Revolution made the United States. Would the United States continue existing as the greatest slaveholding country on the planet? This was an answer that was left unsolved after the change. The differences between the f ree and slave states over the liveliness of national government to prohibit enslavement in the areas that had not yet advanced towards to becoming a state is the reasonRead MoreThe Civil War And American History1528 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment by the South, or the constant disturbance to free slaves from the North, tempers flared years before the first shots were ever fired. The disagreements between the North and the South were too much for the South to endure, they felt forced to secede to start their own nation where all Southern states can have equal rights and saying towards the government. To discuss how this started, we will need to look at how the conflict started. Each side, the North and the South had several reasonsRead MoreU.s History : American Civil War1423 Words   |  6 PagesWar, and in much disagreement with popular belief the war was not solely fought about the existence of slavery. Unfortunately, there is no simple reason why the war began because there wer e many sectional differences between the states of the North and of the South. In many ways the Civil War can be described as a war between two different countries instead of a war between two sections of a country. Slavery was perhaps the most noticeable difference between the North and South, therefore was theRead More2002 APUSH DBQ1468 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing the War of 1812, the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† evolved between the years 1815 and 1825. In the first half of this period, there was a strong sense of nationalism throughout the United States. However, political changes and economic differences between the states warped this nationalism into the sectionalism that divided the country into north, south and west regions. Celebrations of unity within the United States soon turned into disagreements concerning representation within the government and theRead MoreThe American Civil War981 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery alone, but in reality it was caused by many disagreements and events between the northern free states and southern slave states that occurred prior to the war. Monetary alterations were one of the main reasons the North and South had many conflicts and differences in beliefs. The Civil War was an inevitable event for the South due to economic, political, and social reasons. One of the crucial reasons the South was fated to fight the Civil WarRead MoreComing Of The Civil War1265 Words   |  6 Pagesbrutal war between brothers. The war did not just come about overnight; it was a result of decades of tension in the United States over many different things. Because of different interpretations of the nation s Constitution, the relationship between states and the federal government, as well as between individual states, became strained during the early nineteenth century. The Civil War was a result of all of these strained relationships; the government felt pressure to expand, states did not respectRead MoreThe Civil War And After The War Of 18121607 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years from the reception of the Constitution in 1789 to the start of the Civil War. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. The nation s economy started growing in the North due to the Industrial Revolution, the South s cotton blast made slave plantations the focal point of the economy. The addition of new region and western development saw the fortification of American independence and of Manifest

Bribery - 3420 Words

Bryan Jaeger Business and Ethics UI400-01 April 20, 2015 International Business and Bribery Have you ever bribed someone to let you do something that you weren’t allowed to do? As much as I hate to admit to it, I have done it my fair share of times. Bribery can be a good or bad thing depending on the situation and how the bribe is used. No matter what I believe that bribery can usually lead to bad consequences. Though it can happen for just small things such as slipping someone a 20 dollar bill to get you into a club, it can also happen in big corporations that are involved in international business. If they are discovered by the government these big companies will pretty much lose everything. For example, â€Å"In February of 1975, Eli†¦show more content†¦Pretty much in simpler terms this is completely wrong and unjustified to comprise citizens’ rights just for some money or tax breaks. It is all about supply and demand with corporations and government officials. Corruption also has its supply and demand side. The corporations are supplying the bribes to get stuff cheaper for them and the officials of the government are demanding these bribes because they are greedy. The problem with this whole thing is every attempt the government makes they only are able to attack one side of the corruption. Every time they come out with a new law or a new act it is only focused on one side of the problem. According to Hess and Dunfee, â€Å"An effective anticorruption system requires a variety of measures attacking all sides† (Arnold, Beauchamp, and Bowie 577). They have to fight it from both sides are it will surely fail. Even if the corporations stopped supplying the bribes the government officials would demand them to continue because they enjoy the benefits of bribes. On the other hand if the government officials tried to stop demanding bribes, the corporations would just increase their bribes to get them to continue to take them. This overall corruption between government officials and corpor ations are hurting human rights. Throughout the world there are a lot of international human rightsShow MoreRelatedBribery – the Dilemma1696 Words   |  7 PagesMexico where bribery is commonplace while at the same time trying to ensure that they do not violate their companies code of conduct or worse the government’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It is a fine line they walk. This paper will help those managers by explaining what bribery is, why it is thought to be an issue, show recently where companies have bribed and been caught as well as offer suggestions that will enable the U.S. manager in Mexico to accomplish what bribery accomplishes butRead MoreInternational Bribery Regulation And The Bribery Act 20101545 Words   |  7 Pages2.4 International Bribery Regulation and the Bribery Act 2010 2.4.1 Development of National and Transnational Ethics Regulations The development of national and international bribery legislation and regulation has been a slow process spanning many centuries, stemming from the recognition of Piracy as the first and true international crime (Duhaime’s Law Dictionary, 2015). Although wide agreement exists on the detrimental impacts of bribery and corrupt practices, many individual countries and transnationalRead MoreBribery2208 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Methodology †¢ Title A study of the effect of bribery and corruption with lack of censorship in the governmental institution There are various reasons why corruption takes place and takes hold. Sometimes it is due to the fact that officials are simply not paid very much and so they need to supplement their salaries with money from bribes. Sometimes the bureaucratic system is set up in such a way that officials simply refuse to carry out their duties unless they are ‘encouraged’ byRead MoreCorruption and Bribery1795 Words   |  8 PagesCorruption and Bribery April 29, 2015 Abstract In this paper, I will be writing about corruption and bribery. I will define the terms and go on to explain the regulations that have been put in place to stop corruption and bribery. I will then go on to give examples of major corruption and bribery scandals that companies have recently been in and what has been done to punish said companies for their crime. Intro Corruption is defined in the Merriam-Webster DictionaryRead MoreBribery Corruption2102 Words   |  9 PagesBribery and Corruption: Is Signing the OECD Convention Enough? Darina Tomayeva 500127919 LAW724 Professor Lan Word Count: 1645 Bribery and Corruption: Is Signing the OECD Convention Enough? Before the 1990’s, the conventional belief was that corruption in developing countries was practically inevitable and in some cases even desirable. However, a more in-depth investigation into this issue suggests that bribery and corruption can cause significant problems for all parties involved. ForRead MoreBribery And Corruption Of India716 Words   |  3 Pagesemotionally and intellectually and the presentation of the case that gives a voice. The topic of bribery in India or any other countries for that matter, it is utmost important that we understand the points raised correctly and precisely. For this article, the viewpoint by the author was clear, coherent, and elaborated accordingly to the challenges faced by international firms in the form of bribery and corruption in doing business in the national or state level in India. For every argument, relevantRead MoreSiemens Ag Bribery1261 Words   |  6 PagesSiemens AG Bribery Scandal This paper will focus on the analysis of the well-known and popular bribery scandal in the world, such as Siemens AG Bribery Scandal which occurred in November, 2006. Siemens AG is one of the largest and most popular electrical engineering companies operated in the world. The present company was founded in 1847 in Berlin and is now headquartered in Munich, Germany. The discussion and the proper analysis of this bribery scandal will help to learn many effective lessonsRead MoreBribery And Ethics Of The United States2208 Words   |  9 Pages Bribery and Ethics Sarah A. Rowe Campbellsville University â€Æ' Abstract Bribery has become a common term in the corporate world, specifically when international business deals are discussed. Until 1977, it was legal in the United States to bribe foreign officials in order to receive preference or a better business deal. But, the passing of the Foreign Corruption Practices Act of 1977 and its subsequent amendments made it a criminal act for any organization within the U.S. or foreign organizationRead MoreThe Bribery Scandal at Siemens Ag1661 Words   |  7 Pages1. †¢ In your opinion, is â€Å"bribing† unethical illegal or just a cost of doing business? Discuss this in light of Siemens’ bribery scandal. We believe that bribing is unethical because it takes away the fairness of a business transaction between bidders of a contract. Bribing also has a negative impact on competition because it allows for oligopolies and monopolies to emerge in an industry due to smaller competitors being unable to financially compete with the amount of the bribes. This inRead MoreWalmart de Mexicos Bribery Issue668 Words   |  3 PagesIt’s seemingly that Walmart de Mexico bribery scandal is far from over. Many investigations has been carried out to fully answer what acctually happened in the past, what system failed, and who was responsible for possible violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which bars bribery of foreign officials, but questions of accountability recently remain unanswered. It also means that Walmart leaders have succeeded in hiding all the important clues to avoid sanctions. The whole thing

The Construction Industry in Nigeria Free Essays

In Nigeria, like most developing countries, the construction industry plays a role in meeting the needs of infrastructural and economic activities of the country. According to Olowo-Okere (1988) the construction industry accounts for about 60 percent of the Nation’s capital investment and 30 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (G.D. We will write a custom essay sample on The Construction Industry in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now P). UKCG defined the construction industry as a driver of growth in other sectors due to its heavy reliance on an extended and vary supply chain. Furthermore, he said all other sectors of the economy such as transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, education, health ,sports and so on they all depends on construction industry and vice versa that is the construction industry also relies on these sectors of the economy. According to Nwosu, (2003), approximately two-thirds of the value of fixed capital produced in Nigeria each year emanates from the construction industry. He further acknowledged that construction industry also generate employment opportunities which place it second to government in the employment of labour. Furthermore, the construction industry is said to have contributed about half of the total stock of fixed capital investment in the Nigeria economy (Olaloku, 1987). When the construction industry was booming in the 1970’s, the country’s economy experienced similar effects during that period. However, from early to mid 1980’s, the industry experienced a jolt and its effect was felt in all spheres of national life (Isiadinso, 1988). Buhari (1991) reported that the lull in construction of early 80’s was not limited to Nigeria alone. The lull also occurred in Western Europe and America. But the parent companies of these big timers in our midst were not only able to stay afloat the stormy ocean but were able to expand their sales. They were able to do this by initiative, creativity and research. Oladerin Ogunsemi and Aje (2012) explained the roles construction industry played in the economy and the vital activities of the industry which led to the achievement of socio economic development goals of providing shelter, infrastructure and employment. Consequently, the Federal and State governments resorted to taking foreign loans as a quick solution to the problem. However, some of the measures taken by Government in order to revitalize the economy have further aggravated the situation. One obvious implication of this development is that the initial cost of imported raw materials and subsequently of the finished products has substantially increased (Husseini, 1991). Mbachu and McAdoo (2004)reported that these substantial increase have obvious negative implications for the major players and the industry; undermining the viability and sustainability of the industry. From the real estate academic, in terms of critical evaluation community development appraisal has remained unimportant. Usually construction is coordinated by general contractors; they specialize in a particular type of construction which is residential or commercial building. They take full responsibility of taking the job. However general contractors may carryout some portion of the work with their co workers and subcontract the some of the work to heavy construction or trade contractor’s specialty. Specialty trade contractors are those that do their work in a particular trade like painting, electrical work and carpentry works including plumbing and heating. Specialty trade contractors has no responsibility for the structure as a whole. They obtain orders for their work from general contractors, architects, or property owners. Furthermore, construction industry is the sector of national economy that engages in the preparation land and construction and revamping of roads, buildings, structures and facilities. In the Australian economy, the construction is the number fourth in the contributing to gross domestic product and it plays a vital role in determining the economic growth. The construction industry accounted for 6.8% of the gross domestic product in chain volume terms in 2008- 2009, compared with the gross domestic product 7.0% in 2007-2008. Previously, the construction industry following one after the other experienced seven years of growth as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP) ever since tax was introduced to goods and services( GST) in the year 2000-2001. Both in the private and public sectors, the construction industry operated in engaging in the three broad areas that is residential, non residential, and engineering construction. How to cite The Construction Industry in Nigeria, Papers

Dracula and Nosfertu Comparative free essay sample

In 1979 after countless film adaptations, the story of Dracula found itself in the hands of Werner Herzog, a German film maker, who was determined to bring life into a tale already told. What began as a re-imagining of the classic silent film, Nosferatu, soon became a work of art of its own. Nosferatu The Vampyre was an excellent adaptation of the novel Dracula that not only stayed true to its source material, but also explored a different side of the iconic vampire. It consistently plays homage to its predecessor yet also rises above being a mere remake and becomes one the best Dracula films ver made. Herzog proved his talent in film making by creating a film with breathtaking cinematography and an awe inspiring score. The shots of the dark caves of Transylvania combined with the eerie music of composer Popol Vuh create a bone chilling feeling that is often found in Bram Stokers novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Dracula and Nosfertu Comparative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The incarnation of Dracula found in Nosferatu is quite the departure from his charming novel counterpart. He is as monstrous on the outside as he is on the outside and he expresses a desperation for love. Nosferatu is a version of Bram Stoker that has been stripped down to its ore instead of being over dramatized. By eliminating some of the elements withing the book , you are left with a great piece of story telling that gives the viewers an in depth look into Draculas grim world. An art film is nothing without a carefully orchestrated score complimenting a set of striking visuals. Nosferatu is film know for its artistic appeal. The lack of dialogue in the film allows the imagery to speak for itself while the score highlights the horror. The road grew more level and we appeared to fly along. Then the mountains seemed o come nearer to us on each side and frown down down upon us; we were entering the Borgo Pass. (Stoker, 18) Bram Stoker made a point of writing scenery in extreme detail and giving the reader a bridge into the setting presented in the book. The moment the daunting music played during the grim Journey to the castle, it is apparent that Bram Stokers descriptive writing was coming to life. Herzog had a film with visuals so powerful, the audience could feel the emotion. The scene wher e Lucy tries to warn the towns people of Dracula leaks distress. The viewer is able to feel Lucys frustration as she is ignored by those she tries to warn. Her obvious fear and stress is really shown with the camera angles in that scene. The viewer almost feels as if they are the one trying to warn everyone of the vampire and not Lucy. When a film has the ability to touch peoples emotions as much as a novel, it is a success. The director took the descriptive imagery in the novel and allowed itself to manifest on screen. The strong and beautiful visuals combined with music that fits every scene truly compliments Herzogs version of the legendary vampire. Bram Stokers villainous character is not someone who is considered one dimensional. Dracula is a character who can be interpreted in many different ways. Herzog allowed Dracula to evolve into a character who was deprived of humanity to a point of madness. His loneliness soon drives him to become fixated on Lucy and request that sne love him Just as sne loves Jonathan. In the novel Dracula believes himself to be a superior creature among men, while in the film he is fully aware he is no more than a monster of sun down. The original incarnation of Dracula from the ovel was presented as a charming gentleman with a calm demeanour and eloquent speech. He was very polite to Jonathan and even seemed to have a level of respect for him. However behind his facade of humanity was a closet filled to the brim with skeletons. His dark secrets add to the horror and suspense of the novel. One of the greatest things about Dracula is the mystery that surrounds him. It is this mystery that allows adaptations like Nosferatu to demonstrate the other sides of Dracula. The absence of love is the most abject pain, said the Count in the film, a quote that hows Just how tortured he was by loneliness. His humanity may appear to be as non existent as his reflection, but he still longs to be loved. When a novel is adapted into a film, changes must be made to accommodate the premise and tone of said film. Werner Herzogs vision for Nosferatu involved eliminating characters and creating a new ending. Herzog took the Gothic novel and stripped it down to its core, allowing a broken creature to emerge. By eliminating elements such as the three females vampires, Count Dracula was further proved to be a monster condemned to a life solitude. In the novel, Draculas relationship with the three vampires allowed the reader to understand Draculas power over people and vampires alike. The film however proves that he is not only shunned by humanity, but is also a loner amongst the supernatural. One of the biggest changes made to the novel was the fate of Jonathan Harker. In the novel he succeeded against the Count and went on to live a happy life with Mina. Nosferatu ignores his pleasant ending provides him with a much darker fate. Harker is found to have become a vampire Just after the death of his love at the hands of Dracula. Harkers transformation into a vampire seemed to act as a last solemn laugh from Dracula. Lucy could not love such a horrid creature as the Count, but little did she know that her beloved was slowly Joining the undead before her own eyes. It is only after the Count dies that the torch of the undead is passed on and Jonathan becomes a phantom of the night. Dracula managed to escape a life of monstrosity only for Harker to enter one. Making major changes to the novels original plot did not condemn the film. Instead is revitalized it. A story was brought forward that ombined the Gothic horror of Dracula, the creepy vision of the original Nosferatu and the artistic flare of Werner Herzog. The film Nosferatu brings a certain energy to the famous story of Dracula. Herzog crafted a film that was original and artistic, but still captured the essence of the iconic vampire. Bram Stokers writing came to life on screen through a set of impassioned visuals and an impressive score. The lack of dialogue present allowed the film to speak for itself as well as pay homage to the original Nosferatu. The Dracula that is present in the film is an isolated creature who struggles with an nternal battle, his need for love versus his lust for blood. This incarnation explored a side of Dracula that was dark and sickly, a departure from his confident and sadistic novel counterpart. The story of Dracula underwent a drastic transformation when it was being adapted into Nosferatu. Characters were eliminated and plot points torgotten as Herzog conceived a story that was tocused on the perils ot being a vampire as well as the struggles of the Harkers. From start to finish, Nosferatu is a story that can make a viewer feel sympathetic towards Dracula, yet also wish for his demise.

Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products Essay Example

Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products Paper Pollution happens absolutely everywhere, every single second of the day, everywhere on earth. It happens in many city, many town, or many state. You can find pollution in cars, home electronics, personal hygiene products, natural disasters, and even your own home. Pollution is poison for anything that lives and breathes; it poisons water, air, land, humans, and animals, so it cannot to be taken lightly. As a law people should take more care of their surroundings and try harder to preserve the world we live in, even if it is inconvenient to us. Because if we dont save ourselves, who will? The things we could do to save our planet from pollution could reduce further destruction -Everyone is benefited when we have clean water, air, land, etc.. For example, we never hear any news about a person dying because of clean air but instead we hear news like, man died from pollution, family living in home pollution, water tests show pollution particles, the list goes on forever. By identifying the problem at an early stage, we can start to reverse the pollution process. Thus making our mother Earth cleaner. The funny thing of all this is that though the earth is getting polluted man is least bothered about it . Doesnt know that he himself is digging his own grave because pollution not only spoils his own health but also worsens his quality of life. People in cities who are exposed to various kinds of pollution suffer from several ailments like high blood pressure, asthma and skin diseases. Garbage thrown around leads to break out of epidemics like cholera, malaria, Cunningham et c. Poisonous chemicals from the air as well as our water bodies have recently caused an exponential rise in cancer cases Scientists say that it is still not late to act, and governments all over the world have started acting. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Countries are trying their best to control pollution by adopting measures like control of CA emissions, using clean fuels, proper waste management practices, and planting trees on a large scale. However no efforts would be complete unless each one us does our bit to protect our environment. We all can contribute in our small way by saving fuel, water and electricity, disposing garbage responsibly and living simple lives. It is the responsibility of each one of us to safeguard the environment so that future generations can enjoy the beauty and bounty of Mother nature.

The Dangers of Relying on Spell Check and Grammar Check

The Dangers of Relying on Spell Check and Grammar Check Almost all word processing programs come equipped with a tool for checking both spelling and grammar. However, writers should be wary of the dangers of relying too heavily on these tools. For example:Spell check will not fined words witch are miss used butt spelled rite!An ordinary spell checker will find few or no errors in the above sentence. This is because spell checkers can only detect if words are spelled correctly, not if they are used correctly.That being said, a spell checker is a handy tool and, therefore, should not be completely abandoned. However, writers should be cautioned from relying on it to catch every error. Spell check should be your first step in editing your document, not the only step!The problems with trusting spell checkBelow are just some of the dangers of relying on spell check:Spell check cannot help you with some proper names, such as Heston or Jolie.Spell check will not detect the improper use of homonyms, such as their and there.Spell check may flag wo rds as errors which are indeed correct.Spell check does not always offer useful spelling suggestions for severely misspelled words.For example, the following are some commonly misused words that standard spellcheckers will not catch:advise/adviceloose/losepassed/pastdessert/desertweather/whetherthen/thansite/sight/citeThe limitation of traditional spell checkers is epitomized by the often quoted poem, Ode to the Spell Checker.Eye halve a spelling checkerIt came with my pea sea.It plainly marks four my revue miss steaks eye kin knot sea.Eye strike a quay and type a word and weight for it to sayWeather eye yam wrong oar write.It shows me strait a weigh as soon as a mist ache is maid.It nose bee fore two long and eye can put the error rite.Its rare lea ever wrong.Eye have run this poem threw it,I am shore your pleased to no.Its letter perfect awl the way.My checker told me sew.Jerrold H. ZarThe lawyer and the sea spongeAlong these same lines, there is an amusing story that has circulat ed in the legal community regarding the dangers of spell check. According to the story, an attorney inadvertently replaced the words sua sponte (a Latin phrase for on its motion) with the words sea sponge throughout his brief. This lead to some very embarrassing sentences, such as:An appropriate instruction limiting the judges criminal liability in such a prosecution must be given sea sponge explaining that certain acts or omissions by themselves are not sufficient to support a conviction.It is well settled that a trial court must instruct sea sponge on any defense, including a mistake of fact defense.As one would expect, the attorneys error, while certainly entertaining to the rest of us, drastically weakened his credibility in the eyes of the court and made him the butt of many of his colleagues jokes.Although spell checkers are fairly straight forward and user-friendly, they are only as good as the writers ability to use them. For example, most spell checkers include options to c ustomize the dictionary to include proper nouns and acronyms. Other features include setting the spell checker to auto correct which automatically corrects the spelling of frequently misspelled words. These features can all improve the tools effectiveness.The limitations of grammar checkersUnfortunately, grammar checkers are similarly limited. They are, in fact, more limited than spell checkers. The limitations have nothing to do with technology or software, but rather are caused by the nature of grammar itself.For example, a traditional grammar checker will detect no problems with the following passage.Marketing are bad for brand big and small. You Know What I am Saying? It is no wondering that advertisings are bad for company in America, Chicago and Germany. ... McDonalds and Coca Cola are good brand. ... Gates do good marketing job in Microsoft.This is truly frightening considering that each of the sentences in the passage contains numerous grammatical errors!Also, consider the f ollowing sentence:Thinking it was open, the door was really closed.Grammar check will alert the writer that the main clause may contain a verb in the passive voice. But there is no passive voice here, just a thinking door.Grammar check also frequently flags perfectly good grammar as bad. Type the following sentence into a document:How was your sons wedding?When you run grammar check, was your sons is flagged as incorrect and the phrase your son wass is suggested. In this case, your grammar check has turned a perfectly fine sentence into a garbled mess! Therefore, it is wise to think about the change suggested, rather than simply accept it as correct.Great grammar resourcesLooking up the correct spelling of a word is as easy as using an online dictionary; looking up proper grammar, however, can be more difficult. Most of us do not remember the finer points of grammar that we learned in the sixth grade, such as gerunds and dangling modifiers. Therefore, it is helpful to have a referen ce book on grammar handy. Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style is the classic book on the subject, but professional writers are also fond of Working with Words and When Words Collide.The bottom line is that technology, while useful and time saving, is still not advanced enough to substitute for old-fashioned human proofreading. Therefore, writers should always allow ample time for proofreading and learn tools to improve their proofreading skills. One of the best ideas I have learned is to make a list of spelling and grammar errors that you make frequently so that you can proofread every document with special attention to these problem areas. Remember, you need to pick up where your spell checker and grammar checker leave off!

Video about environmental science Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Video about environmental science - Movie Review Example This process is known as infiltration. Rainwater permeates through pores in the soil and the bedrock in the process called as percolation. The seeped water later makes source of streams. Then through the process of evaporation, water goes back into the atmosphere in the form of water vapors and the cycle continues. Water also evaporates from leaves of the plants through a process known as transpiration. The video is very informative in general, and gives patent definitions of all terms involved in the water cycle including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and percolation. The whole water cycle is explained with the help of moving images which enhances the learning. Every second of the video is very informative and not a bit can be missed because every second reveals important information that makes part of the process missing which, the process gets interrupted. The video could have been more informative had the temperatures at which water normall y evaporates, transpires and condenses had been discussed! Works Cited: The Earth's Water Cycle - Environmental Science. YouTube, 2008. Film.

Answer the Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the Q - Essay Example However, there is a requirement of developing an environment facilitating communication before problem arises since different cultures have varying degrees of social acceptance in contradicting opinions from their employers. Nonetheless, employees can have a feeling of not contradicting opinions from their management, or the management be involved actively in the process of making opinions being heard, thus establishing difficulty of eliciting reduced performance of the employees. Therefore, this essay focuses on discussing the significance of communication in the workplace to an organization. There is need for a clear communication in writing or verbally, between the employees and employers in order to eradicate challenges created by cultural barriers (Olynk and Widmar, 2). Communication in the work place has a significant contribution towards the business since it facilities functions such as negotiations involved in getting into business deals. On the other hand, effective communication in the workplace enables increasing effectiveness in communicating with manager and stakeholders, employees and customers. Solving a problem related to a long-term shortage of clear communication is creation of awareness that is preceded by active steps aimed at improving communication that initiated for benefits of employees and operations in the organization. Thus, an effective communication process manages both uncertainty and anxiety amongst strangers resulting from lack of understanding of each cultural expectation at play. Therefore, lack an effective process of communication lead s employees’ isolation: especially strangers from different ethnic groups. Based on what elements people employ, they go on to develop various methods of communication. Some of them develop verbal means; while others develop non-verbal means. Non-verbal language that involve ways a person, stands or carries themselves, holding of their

An Overview Of Trends In Tourism

An Overview Of Trends In Tourism Tourism is a rapidly changing industry. Outline the key trends in tourism demand at the start of the 21th century and examine their impact on accommodation providers. Tourism is a travel outside for the usual environment. People travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The 21th Century tourism has become a popular global leisure activity that will grow in new heights as it becomes more accessible to a larger cross section of the global population. The tourism industry is one of the most resilient and dynamic sectors of the economy and will result in commensurate economic opportunities for developed and emerging destinations around the world. A big number of challenges will be also created in attracting and serving increased tourism demand and in mitigating any potential negative externalities that will emerge as a result of tourisms rapid growth. The tourist industries of the successful destinations will strike a sense of balance in developing by monitoring international trends, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are more than any potential negative impact and achieve a more fair distribution of tourism profits. Tourism is a profi table business and that is a good reason for countries to focus on honing their abilities in tourism. The 21th century improves that tourism is a rapidly changing industry. In 2001 was a decrease of 0, 6% in international tourist arrivals, compared with 2000, and the decrease is continued for the first six months of the 2002 of 0, 2%. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew to 642 billion euro in 2008, which mean an increase in of 1.8%. The international demand for a travel suffered a slowdown that began in June 2008, as a result of the late 2000 recession. During the first eight months of 2008 the growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7%. The markets of Asian and Pacific were affected. Europe stagnated during the summer, while the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping a 6% growth from January to August 2008. During the same period the Middle East continued its rapid growth reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline. During September and October the global economic situation deteriorated dramatically, as a result of the global financial crisis. For the remaining of 2008 the growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further continuing into 2009. The slowdown in demand growth has already hit the top spender countries. The long-haul travel is the most affected by the economical crisis. This negative trend intensified as international tourist arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some regions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus. During 21th century tourism industry is characterized by numerous issues and trends that present threats and opportunities. Many countries suffered from terrorist threats that have been increased. After the attacks in New York and Washington that followed by two wars, in Afghanistan and Iraq and continued with terrorist attacks in the Bali (bombing 2002 and 2005), in London, Madrid, Bangkok and other destinations. The result of this terrorist attacks is to increase the need of people for safety and security. These procedures are creating inconvenience. Inconvenience we see at the airports with longer lines and in visa policies and standards that are stricter. Another issue of this century is that China growth into a large source markets in the Asia Pacific region. China has become a primary focus of the worlds tourism industry and the Chinese nationals have been increasingly visiting international destinations and this trend will continue to increase from now on. During this century new destinations are coming to the tourism market. India, Egypt, South Korea, Vietnam, New Zealand, South Africa, Eastern Europe and the Philippines have been recently launched. As a result competition to mainstay destinations, such as Australia, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia, increases. The UNWTOs Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals are expected to reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. The total tourist arrivals by region shows that by 2020 the top three receiving regions will be Europe (717 million tourists), East Asia and the Pacific (397 million) and Americas (282 million), followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Regions like Europe and America are expected to show lower rates. Europe will achieve the highest level of arrivals, although there will be a decline from 60% in 1995 to 46% in 2020. It will be fast grow in the long-haul travel worldwide at 5.4% per year over the period 1995-2020, than intraregional travel, at 3.8%. In an attem pt to increase the value and synergy for the tourist and the participating economies the emergence of sub-regional cooperative agreements is on the rise. In the long term prospects is also to increase the awareness and consciousness among travellers for the sustainable and green tourism. For many countries tourism is vital. Greece, Thailand, Egypt, Fiji, Maldives are examples of these counties due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. ¶ These service industries include hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts. Even with problems related to the global economic slowdown, travel and tourism are already part of consumer behavior. That mean that people like to travel are still willing to travel. The European countries have observed increases in domestic tourism, more travel within the same region, increases in travel by road and rail, increases in the individual trips, more direct booking, and an increased use of low-cost airlines. Some changes are temporary but many of them are structural. The supply has two main elements, the destinations and the industry. The future of the destinations depends on their ability to adapt to demand. The effects are more visible in the industry. The tour operators and the accommodation providers have been hit harder by the weakness of the outbound markets, later booking, the tendency towards shorter length of stay, and cost-cutting on business trips. The industry has to adapt to these new facts. The hotels all over the world enjoyed a boom through mid 2007. The levels of the occupancy were high as the room rates and the levels of the travelers were strong. However, the global financial crisis put a damper on hotel occupancy that continued into 2008 and 2009. A big number of hotel construction projects have been cancelled. Travel and tourism operators best-positioned to suffer the least damage are those able to offer low-priced options. In order to avoid losing sales  ¶during the periods of economic slowdown hotels and airlines have increasingly invested in low-cost brands. This economic downturn led to an increase of demand for low and mid-priced hotel and dec reased the demand for luxury hotels. The travellers looking for economy travel accommodation. On the other hand the average daily room rates become higher because of the non-existed competition and the low number of chained hotel outlets. http://www.ncsu.edu/tourismextension/documents/top10traveltrends.pdf http://www.ensino.uevora.pt/tmp/cursos/PPT/TIC/aula_02_anexo2.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism http://www.traveldailynews.com/pages/show_page/7543-Tourism-Trends-by-Tourism-Control-Intelligence http://www.tiac-aitc.ca/english/documents/advocacy/2009/2008StatisticsCompendiumFinal.pdf

Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101

INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization – Consumerism, individualism – American products and values – Cultural imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization – Fast-food principles dominant in American and other societies – Uniform standards – Lack of human creativity – Dehumanization of social relations Infantilization – Benjamin Barber â€Å"consumed† – Against â€Å"ethos of infantilization† that sustains global capitalism – Turning of adults into children through dumbed down advertising and consumer goods – Targeting children as consumers Homogeneous global products for young and wealthy, and for children => soulless and unethical global consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural homogenization – â€Å"More alike† theory of effects of globalization – Western culture industry – Homogenization of popular culture – Can be within western soci eties (McDonaldization) Market for loyalties – Regulation of communications to organize cartels of imagery – Domestic broadcast regulation maintains distribution of power – National identity reframed to political views and cultural attitudes that maintain existing power structure Facilitates predominance of one ideology Cultural imperialism – World patterns of cultural flow, mirror the system of domination in world economic and political order – Not confined to the west: see Mexico, Brazil (Latin America), India (East Asia), Hong Kong, Taiwan (China) Sustainable development – Long-term economic growth depends on careful stewardship of the natural environment – Environmentalists – Liberalization= unequal economic growth, resources for debt, competition (race to the bottom), increased pollution, unsustainable consumption of resources, political unrest – Free Trade Trade promotes growth and alleviates poverty= environmental benefits – Elimination of trade barriers= increased value of resources – Environmental progress is easier to achieve under conditions of prosperity Deterritiorlization of religion – Primarily caused by migration – The case of Islam: – Muslim Ummah – Re-islamisation as deculturalisation of Islam (not linked to a particular pristine culture, global Islam) – Quest for definition: Islam to fit every culture – By bridging the gap between secularism and religiosity, Fundamentalism overstretches religion to the point that it cannot become embedded in real cultureFree trade and the environment Technological Change and Disease – Transportation – Short term travel: 940 million tourists – Meningitis: 70,000 pilgrims to Mecca every year, secondary pandemics upon return – Expensive diseases in developing countries and eradicated diseases in developed countries – Medical technologies – Greater colla boration, more information – BUT, new technologies can be badly used – Ebola in DRC, AIDS epidemics in China from unsterilized needles Demographic Change and Disease – Population mobility Conditions that lead people to move are the same that favor the emergence of infections (poverty, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, state failure) – Refugees: sanitation, food, healthcare – 50,000 dead in a month (Rwanda, 1994) – Haiti: cholera from Nepal? (4,800 mortalities) – Long-term migration – Disease to non-immune populations, and transfer of new disease back home – Eradicated diseases re-introduced – Migrant workers in Africa (AIDS epidemics) – Urbanization – Megacities=megaspread Global economy and disease – Global trade IMF/structural adjustments and liberalization reduces the role of governments (mostly in providing healthcare) – Trade in food – Change in dietary habits, convergenc e of tastes – Demand for year-round availability of fresh fruit and vegetables – Products from less expensive labor markets, worldwide ingredients and transport – Food may be contaminated – Unhygienic irrigation, packaging practices, storage, non-indigenous crops more susceptible to indigenous pathogens – E-coli in Germany: 2,800 affected, 26 dead (91 in EU) – Mad Cow Disease Environmental change and disease Climate change-global warming – Higher ambient air temperature, precipitation/humidity (mosquitoes) – Water supply-dams etc – Profound ecological changes that affects disease vectors-most dams associated with increase in malaria – Deforestation – Increases contact between humans and pathogens – Decreases natural predators of disease vectors – Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) – Loss of biodiversity Jihad and McWorld – Dialectical nature: one cannot exist w ithout the other – Babel: retribalization – Global jihad against globalization – Disneyland Globalizations – Jihad and McWorld make war on the sovereign nation state – Indifference to civil liberty – McWorld, focus on consumption and â€Å"invisible hand† for common good (rather than democratic institutions), repeal government regulations – Jihad, bloody politics of identity, exclusion and hatred, paternalism and tribalism – Neither global markets nor blood communities service public goods or pursue equality and justice – Future? – In the short run – Jihad likely to dominate? – In the long run – McWorld dominates? – Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western individualism? – Or greater divergence and even conflict? Ethnicity – High ethnic solidarity: willing to redistribute resources within the g roup – No â€Å"master list†; what differentiates groups in one place may not be important in another – Example: in Serbia, common language and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) – Ethnicity as a â€Å"social construction†Ã¢â‚¬â€not inherently political Ethnic identity – Any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others Language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others – Ascription—an identity assigned at birth – Largely fixed during our lives Clash of civilizations – Samuel Huntington: â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations† – â€Å"The next world war, if there is one, will be a war between civilizations† – De-Westernization and indigenization of societies – Hinduization of India and Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Turkey) – The Confucian-Islamic connection – Kin-country s yndrome (Bosnia, Iraq) – Civilizations do not control states; states control civilizations Interpreted the same events as Fukuyama, but made very different conclusions †¦ — Outlined 7 main cultures (and a possible 8th); equates â€Å"culture† with â€Å"religion†: â€Å"people who share ethnicity and language but differ in religion may slaughter each other, as happened in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, and the Subcontinent. † 1. Western 2. Confucian 3. Japanese 4. Islamic 5. Hindu 6. Slavic-Orthodox 7. Latin American 8. Possibly African – Why will they clash? – Differences are both real and basic (â€Å"fundamental†) – World smaller due to globalization – Nation-state as source of identity grows weaker Fundamentalist religion grows stronger – Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness – Cultural differences less easily compromised than political and economic ones (can you be both Catholic and Muslim? ) – Economic regionalism is growing – Result: unable to mobilize support for governments based on ideology, turn to religion and civilization identity Environmentalism and the developing south Collectivity Irreducibility Characteristics of environmental issues – Complexity – Interpenetration, pollution down the road. – Temporal and spatial uncertainty – What will happen in the future, how much is it going to affect us. Irreducibility – Holistic in nature, we cannot approach only one part, we have to consider them as a whole. – Spontaneity – Things tend to happen fast especially in environmental disasters. – Collectivity – Collective action problems, common pool resources, shirking/free-riding Chinese triad Food security – All people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, self-nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active an d healthy life. (UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization) – Peak oil, peak water, peak phosphorus, peak grain, and peak fish Green revolution Problems in beginning of 20th c: not producing enough food to feed expanding population – Green Revolution: 1950-1984 – Development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains – Expansion of irrigation infrastructure – Hybridized seeds & – Synthetic fertilizers & – Pesticides to farmers in developing countries – Transformed agriculture around the globe – World agricultural production more than doubled (world grain production increased by 250%) – Increased fossil fuel-based energy use: – Natural gas (for production of synthetic fertilizers) – Oil (for development of pesticides) – Hydrocarbon fuelled irrigation Unsustainable? (Malthusian argument) – May not necessarily increase food security (other political causes) – Promotion of monoc ultures, hunger vs malnutrition – Benefited wealthier farmers at the expense of poorer ones => urban migration – Extensive use and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers associated with negative health effects (cancer) – Land degradation, soil nutrients depletion Earth’s carrying capacity – No one knows!!! The Future of Food – Film watched in class, google if can’t remember GMOs Montreal Protocol – The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. – Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments – Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 203 5 – Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs)Arms Trade Treaty – 2003, Control Arms Campaign was launched (Controlarms. org) – 2006, Control Arms handed over a global petition called â€Å"Million Faces† to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan 2006 – 2006, 153 states vote resolution 61/89 requesting the UN Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States (U. S. votes against, national controls better) – 2009, UN General Assembly launches a time frame for the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty. U. S. osition overturned – 2-27 July, 2012 (New York) – Currently under final negotiations – Require states to have national mechanisms for express authorization of international transfers of arms – Prohibit transfers of arms that could violate human rights and international law – Treaty Failure: – United States said it â€Å"needed more time† to review the short, 11-page treaty text (Obama administration torpedoed the treaty exactly one week after the massacre in Aurora, Colorado) Not to export weapons to countries that are under an arms embargo, or to export weapons that would facilitate â€Å"the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes† or other violations of international humanitarian law. – Exports of arms are banned if they will facilitate â€Å"gender-based violence or violence against children† or be used for â€Å"transnational organized crime. † – The sides, now: – Nearly 120 countries, led by Mexico, issued a joint statement on Monday saying â€Å"the overwhelming majority of (U. N. ) Member States agree with us on the necessity and the urgency of adopting a strong Arms Trade Treaty.Our voice must be heard. † – The five permanent Security Council members – the United States, Britain, France, China and Russia â⠂¬â€œ issued their own joint statement of support for a treaty that â€Å"sets the highest possible common standards by which states will regulate the international transfer of conventional arms. † – Important Points: – Ammunition. – Exports of ammunition are covered in the draft treaty but not imports. – Self-defense. – Some major arms-importing states (Middle East), expressed concern that their ability to import weapons could suffer if the treaty comes into force. Exemptions. – There are a number of scenarios under which arms deals would be exempt in the current draft, such as defense cooperation agreements (India) – and gifts, loans and leases of weapons. – Reporting. – Current draft says countries will send reports to the U. N. on their international arms trade but does not call for them to be made public. China, Iran and others do not want that information disseminated openly. – The NRA says the treaty would undermine gun ownership rights under the Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. MalnourishmentObstacles to cooperation on environmental issues (regime, actor, general) National Identity – National identity is inherently political – Defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations – Often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity – Sense enhancers: – Common history, territory, culture, economy, rights – Why form? – Ethnic group may feel oppressed – Ethnic group may form a minority population – These conditions may call for self-government Boat people Ozone success – The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. – Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increa se their use of CFCs before taking on commitments – New scientific evidence late 1987 – scientists announced that CFCs probably were responsible for the ozone hole – 1988, satellite data revealed that stratospheric ozone above the heavily populated Northern Hemisphere had begun to thin – Changes in the pattern of economic interests Du Pont announced that they would soon be able to produce CFC substitutes – Followed the next year by other large chemical manufacturers, including several in Europe – Major producers no longer opposed a CFC phase-out – Lobbied for extended transition periods and against controls on potential substitutes – Particularly hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)—a class of CFC substitutes that deplete ozone but at a significantly reduced rate. – The ozone regime stands as the strongest and most effective global environmental regime. – The worldwide consumption of CFCs, which was about 1. m illion tons in 1986, was approximately 100,000 tons in 2010. – Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 – HCFCs, and HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming – Up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide – Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) Restaveks (or stay-withs) 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti – Forced – Unpaid Overcropping – Deplete soil by continuously growing crops on it Overpopulation – Carrying capacity – Estimates vary widely – Inadequate fresh water – Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels – Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination – Deforestat ion and loss of ecosystems – Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming – Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification – Mass species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to lash-and-burn techniques (140,000 species lost per year – High infant and child mortality. – Intensive industrial farming: evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases – Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. – Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. – Unhygienic living conditions – Increased levels of warfare – Elevated crime rate – Less Personal Freedom / More Restrictive Laws. Demographic Transition – If standard of living and life expectancy increase, family sizes and birth rates decline Later ages of marriage, careers outside child rearing and domestic work, decreased need of children in indu strialized settings – Led to increased worry about aging populations and decreased worry about future impact of population growth – BUT, after a certain level of development the fertility increases again! – Fertility-opportunity hypothesis Food vs. fuel Precision farming – Soil erosion dropped, no-till seed planting – Drip irrigation, level fields (eliminate runoff) – Global positioning: efficient harvest, less chemicals Citizenship Citizenship: individual’s or group’s relationship to the state – Swear allegiance to the state – State provides benefits – People have obligations in return – Ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not – Can be changed by individual or state – Potentially more inclusive concept than ethnicity or national identity – Three (ethnicity, citizenship, national identity) are often connected—an ethnic group forms the nation, and they represent the citiz ens of a country Nationalism – Nationalism as a pride in one’s people and belief in sovereign destiny Seek to create or preserve one’s own nation (political group) through an independent state – Sovereignty is thus key – Example: Great Britain – Governments determine nationality – 1707 – The United Kingdom came into existence – Yet there was no British nation since the people of the English isles were thinking of themselves as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. – Propagation of the dominant English culture and language through the years created a sense of English identity. – During the 19th century non-English cultures were suffocated. Global fundamentalism Return to traditional religious values as a reaction to modernity and global culture – Restoration of sacred tradition as basis for society – Cultural authenticity vs universalizing global culture – Global phenomenon – Modern ph enomenon – Fundamentalism vs globalization or fundamentalism as part of globalization? AIDS – Peaked in 2005 with 3. 4 million deaths – ~35 million infected – 14,500 new infections daily – Approximately 8000 deaths daily (3million/year) – > 90% new infections in Global South – Global responses – Millennium Development Goal 6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Government-subsidized antiretroviral medications (Brazil, Argentina etc) – Samaritan’s Purse – The importance of Global Health Partnerships – Improving access to medicines – Financing health activities – BUT, primarily â€Å"vertical† (focus on specific diseases, and development/distribution of medicines) – Retroactive: does not focus on improving health care systems and primary care – Multiplicity of donors and actors: not aligned with government priorities International Organized Crime †“ Effort to exploit mechanisms of globalization – Transportation and communications technology Aided by deregulation – Possible through corruption of authorities, unethical practices of individuals and corporations – Extremely large profits (and high risk) – Global cities are main areas of activity (New York, London, Tokyo, etc. ) – Using financial services to disguise criminal activities – Defy the state, offer parallel black market structure Deforestation – Increases contact between humans and pathogens – Decreases natural predators of diseases vectors – Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) (mosquitos) – Loss of biodiversity Arms Trafficking Lack of international treaty regulating legal arms trade – Illegal arms trade – Arms fuel conflict and crime – $60 billion a year industry – Lack of transparent data – UN: attempt to â€Å"crush illicit trade of small ar ms† – Cold War – Preoccupation with nuclear arms control – Small arms were not as widely disseminated – End of Cold War – Small arms â€Å"surplus† – Warsaw Pact/NATO upgrades – Difficulty in negotiations? – U. S. position – Nuclear weapons easier to negotiate Human trafficking – Labor trafficking – Sex trafficking – Victims are primarily women and children – Organ trafficking Trafficking of babies and pregnant women – Baby farm in Nigeria: sold for illegal adoption or for use in ritual witchcraft Child Soldiers Slavery – â€Å"A slave is a human being forced to work through fraud or threat of violence for no pay beyond subsistence. † (Benjamin Skinner) – â€Å"Do you want a job? † – Modern slavery: – More slaves now than ever before in history, 27 million – Each year 50,000 children and teenagers enter the US against their w ill for purposes of sexual slavery (CIA est. ) – Over 2 million trafficked slaves forced into prostitution and labor around the world 10 million slaves in South Asia (many through more than one generations) until they pay off their â€Å"debt† – 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Small arms – Over half a million people are killed each year with small arms across the world – In the United States 34,000 people are killed per year by small arms – The cost of small arms on public health, in Latin America at 14% of GDP, 10% of GDP in Brazil, and 25% of GDP in Colombia. – Registered homicide rates for Colombia, the United States, Brazil, and Venezuela among males aged 15–24 have doubled in the last ten yearsMonocultures – The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. – It is widely used in modern industrial agricu lture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. – Monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen Sustainable agriculture – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture Environmental change and conflict – http://www. accord. org. za/downloads/ct/ct_2011_2. pdf Environmental security Environmental change is an important source of social conflict – Many societies face more dangers from environmental change than from traditional military threats – Security policies must be redefined to take account of these new realities – Only by framing the environmental problem in security terms can the necessary level of governmental attention and social mobilization be ensured – Security institutions could contribute directly to environmental protection, given their financial resources, monitoring and intelligence-gathering capabilities, and scientif ic and technological expertise – Is there enough evidence to support the claim that ecological change is, or will be, a major new source of conflict? – Proponents: – Environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the developing world. These conflicts are probably the early signs of an upsurge of violence in the coming decades that will be induced or aggravated by scarcity – Opponents – Environmental problems are a symptom of conflict-prone social systems rather than a root cause of conflict – Are the advantages of linking environmental problems to security concerns worth the risk of militarizing a society's responses to environmental problems? Risks undercutting the globalist and common fate understanding that may be necessary to solve the problem – If pollution a national security problem, then pollution by other countries worse than home born – It is analytically misleading to think of environmental degradation as a national security threat. – Environmental degradation and violence are very different types of threats – Organizations that provide protection from violence differ greatly from those in environmental protection – Military organizations are secretive, extremely hierarchical and centralized, and normally deploy vastly expensive, highly specialized and advanced technologies – Is environmental security an idea with more appeal in the North than the South? An excuse to continue the North's longstanding practice of military and economic intervention – Focus on the South is a way for the North to deny its own responsibility – Calls to link the environment with security raise deep suspicions about ulterior motives Concern, contractual environment, capacity – da fuk? Fertility opportunity hypothesis – Fertility follows perceived economic opportunity – Against food aid, and development Transnational organized crime groups – Operate above and below the state – Create demand – Reach to the marginalized, impoverished and other â€Å"losers† of globalization – Use market strategies: – Hierarchically structured – Strategic alliances – investing/laundering capital – New growth areas (ex. umping toxic waste in developing countries and then negotiating lucrative contracts for the cleanup industry) – R&D – Modern accounting systems, information technologies, insuring against risk Global health partnerships Global food crisis – Enough food in the world to feed everyone but†¦ – 925 million people experience hunger – 2/3 of these people are in Asia and the Pacific region – Highest concentrations in India, China, DRC, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia – 5 million children under 5 die of hunger in developing countries – Charity may help immediate problem but is no long-term sustainable solution – Causes for food crisis 1: Natural disasters – Floods, tropical storms, and, especially, long droughts – More common and more intense (global warming) – Wars – Population displacement – Famine used as a weapon – Fields and water wells mined or contaminated – Poverty trap – Lack of seed money, land and agricultural education – Trapped in poverty by hunger – Causes for food crisis 2: – Lack of agricultural infrastructure – Lack of roads, irrigation systems, warehouses – Emphasis on urban development – Overexploitation of the environment – Poor farming practices – Deforestation – Overcropping – Overgrazing – Economic downturns FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Policy and technical assistance to developing countries for food security, nutrition and agriculture – Forum for negotiation of a greements and debate on policies Fukuyama (the end of history) – Francis Fukuyama, â€Å"The End of History† – â€Å"The triumph of the West†¦an unabashed victory of economic & political liberalism†¦& the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism. † – Liberal democracy will make the world safer – Democracies do not go to war against each other – Globalization – interdependence – Great faith in International Organizations – Washington Consensus – Critics: – Environmentalists – Marxists – Anarco-capitalism – Etc.